Drepturile omului

International protection mechanisms

În general, există trei tipuri de mecanisme de protecție internațională, dintre care doar câteva pot fi accesate în mod direct de către cetățeni:

• 

  Sursa

  sesizarea

  Probabil cel mai accesibil mecanism de apărare a drepturilor cetățenilor de rând este sesizarea (plângerea). Balli Marzecova, ca și tine, are șansa de a sesiza încălcarea drepturilor omului de către stat la un corp relevant ce efectuează proceduri semi-judiciare. Sesizările se pot face la nivel național, precum și internațional.

  La nivel național, poți face o sesizare la oficiul de mediere - un apărător public al drepturilor, reprezentând un corp independent ce protejează drepturile tale în procedurile publice ale corpurilor administrative și altor corpuri publice dacă activitățile, procesele de luare a deciziilor sau inactivitatea corpurilor sunt inconsistente legislativ. În cazurile expuse de o lege, apărătorul public al drepturilor poate participa în apelul la responsabilizare a persoanelor din corpurile publice, dacă persoanele au încălcat fundamental dreptul la libertate a persoanelor fizice sau entităților legale. Toate corpurile de putere publice, vor oferi mediatorului resursele de care are nevoie pentru a acționa în acest sens.

  Dacă acțiunea nu a fost suficientă la nivel național, poți să apelezi la nivel internațional. Chiar dacă va aduce o decizie nefondată legal, tot are un fel de putere și poate contribui la soluționarea cazului. Ceea ce trebuie să reții, este că poți depune o sesizare doar în acele cazuri, care sunt incluse în instrumentele la care țara ta a aderat. Slovakia a acceptat toate aceste instrumente relevante. Lista lor poate fi găsită în Bibliotecă dar și exemple de corpuri cărora le poți adresa sesizarea ta, inclusiv Comitetul Drepturilor Omului ONU sau Comitetului de Eliminare a Discriminării Rasiale.

  Informații suplimentare

  UN Human Rights Committee
  Committee on the elimination of Racial Discrimination
  Public defender of rights in Romania

• procese legale

  Other level of nation state binding human rights protection mechanisms are international courts. They are available only after the case was properly considered by the national level courts, where you should always start when trying to get your rights. For members of the Council of Europe there is one general judicial instance which considers human rights violations - European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg in France.

  It is one of the organs of the Council of Europe (not the EU) and it deals with human rights cases presented by individuals, groups of individuals, NGOs, or states, against states. It is based on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Its verdicts are legally binding for the countries which ratified the Convention. Its verdicts are binding for 47 members of Council of Europe, including Russia, Caucasus countries and Ukraine (but not Belarus).

  Some landmark cases

  Right to fair trial: Salduz v. Turkey (27 November 2008)

  The applicant complained of having been denied access to a lawyer while in custody and not having been notified of the final submissions of the Principal Public Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation. The Court found a violation of Article 6 (right to a fair trial), stressing that access to a lawyer should normally be granted as from the first interrogation of a suspect by the police in order for the right to a fair trial to remain sufficiently “practical and effective”.

  Freedom of expression: Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (no. 1) (26 April 1979)

  The case concerned the injunction served on the Sunday Times restraining publication of news about the pending civil proceedings brought by parents of children born with severe deformities through the taking of thalidomide by women during pregnancy. The Court found a violation of Article 10 (freedom of expression); this is the first judgment concerning freedom of expression and information via the press.

  Surse

  http://human-rights-convention.org/the-main-judgments/

  Those who would like to apply, have to follow the instructions at the website of the Council of Europe, at the section "Applicants" pages. There you will find Instructions in all member country languages. In case of need there are still NGOs and other organisations or institutions, which would help you to apply properly. However, the most important is to try to go through national level of courts at first.

  Except court in Strasbourg, specific cases can be considered also at the International Court of Justice in the Hague in the Netherlands. It was founded specifically to consider cases connected with crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide. For example, Yugoslavian ex-president,Slobodan Miloshevitch, was tried there for genocide of Kosovian Albanians.

  Informații suplimentare

  Europen Court of Human Rights
  International Court of Justice

• Reporting procedures

  There are generally two types of reports provided. Official reports done by states themselves, which, however do not have to prove to be satisfactorily critical or real. Therefore there are also “shadow” reports done by representatives of civil society, various non-governmental organisation, think-tanks or civil associations.

  Among concrete instruments, which require regular reporting are for example the Committee of the Rights of the Child based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women based on the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and others. Once reports are submitted, action can be taken afterwards by relevant bodies.